U.s. National Bureau Of Economic Research - 1235 Words

In December of 2007 the Great Recession hit not only the american but the world’s economy. According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) the struggle didn’t end in the United States until June 2009, and therefore had a duration of about 18 months. This global crisis â€Å"ranks fourth in terms of the weighted sum of countries suffering it† (NBER). Consumers, who had been the engine of the economy for the past several decades, suffered the loss of their jobs. Between 2008 and 2009, â€Å"the U.S. labor market lost 8.4 million jobs, or 6.1% of all payroll employment† (State of Working America). This resulted in â€Å"the most sever consumer spending decline since World War II† and the worst employment contraction since the Great Depression, reaching a peak of 10% of all the workforce on October 2009 (BLS). The economy was already faltering in the banking sector, but it finally crashed with the dearth of credit. As a heart distribut es the blood throughout the human body, even reaching the limbs, allowing the body to work properly, the banking sector â€Å"pumps† credit, reaching every business in every sector. When the banking sector stops giving credit, the whole economy freezes since businesses don’t have means to pay their bills. There are reasons why the banks stopped the flow of credit, and they could have been avoided if the government had corrected the bad manners to which the banking sector was getting used, all driven by the ambition to generate more revenue. TheShow MoreRelatedU.s. National Bureau Of Economic Research817 Words   |  4 Pagesrising unemployment and declining GDP (gross domestic product) that lasted until 2009. This period was dubbed the Great Recession due to the severity of the negative impacts. The U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as a â€Å"period of at least two consecutive quarters of declining levels of economic activity† (Krab benhoft), and during the time span between 2007 and 2009 GDP decreased by 3.5 percent and unemployment rate increased more than 5 percent. The gross domestic productRead MoreRole Of The Business Cycle Dating Committee Of The National Bureau Of Economic Research1292 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper, I will explain the roles and importance of the Business cycle Dating committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research. I will also explain how the NBER defines and dates recessions. Finally I will explain the important aspects and effects of the last recession. The Business Cycle is â€Å"†¦the ups and downs in economic activity, defined in terms of periods of expansion or recession† (Dr. Econ). Expansion is the period in which employment, production, sales and income increaseRead MoreThe Long Run Consequences Of Slow Economic Recovery After Periods Of Recessions1477 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This research examined and listed some of the evidence demonstrating the long-run consequences of slow economic recovery after periods of recessions in the U.S. economy on wage earners of a four person family. Economy shifts were examined and its effect on the four member family, two adult wage earners, and two children was analyzed. This trend and shift of and within the economy contributed to the overall wholeness and well-being of the family. As a rising economy produced family stabilityRead MoreRaising Money in U.S. Stock Markets1047 Words   |  5 Pages1. Is raising money in U.S. stock markets more - or less - difficult than in the rest of the world? To start, using the article that is cited for the class is†¦well, dated at the very least. The United States has gone through at least a complete financial cycle since after the article was written. The tech bust and then the quickly following tragedy of September 11, 2001 with the ensuing market meltdown were just the beginning. Just to put it into perspective, â€Å"’During the last seven yearsRead MorePoverty and Its Effect on Society1421 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent events such as the economic collapse and recession, the U.S. reported a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $47,200 per capita in 2010 (estimated). The U.S. has maintained its status as the largest and most technological country due to its market based economy (CIA-The World Fact Book). However, while the U.S. has reported such high numbers in GDP, we rank third in poverty with a 17% poverty rate. This ranking is among the top thirty of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentRead MoreEssay on Three Executive Departments within Congress762 Words   |  4 Pageslast day of the 30th Congress, that a bill was passed to create the Department of the Interior to take charge of the Nations internal affairs. The Interior Department had a wide range of responsibilities entrusted to it: the construction of the national capitals water system, the colonization of freed slaves in Haiti, exploration of western wilderness, oversight of the District of Columbia jail, regulation of territorial governments, management of hospitals and universities, management of publicRead MoreFormal Justification Report: Recommendation to the Workforce Training and Education Coordinating Board1434 Words   |  6 Pagesassistant director for research and methodology at the U.S. Census Bureau and coauthor of that research paper, titled Who Creates Jobs? Small vs. Large Vs. Young, The only group that disproportionately creates jobs is startups (Rosenberg, 2001). Jarmin and his coauthors report that startups are responsible for nearly 20 percent of the gross number of jobs created year-over-year, even though they account for only 3 percent of U.S. employment (Rosenber, 2001). All of the U.S. job growth from theRead MoreFinancial Education : An Organization For The World Of Economics And Finance905 Words   |  4 Pagesdatabases, this research narrowed itself when used the terms financial education, financial education research and community impact; the National Institute of Health darted this National Bureau of Economic Research report. The National Institute of Health, (NIH), via its database public access is one of the leading medical research entities in the world, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health, a trusted and stablished research source, along with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), anRead MoreThe Viability of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Installation1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this analysis is identification of the relative impact of economic factors for entities contemplating entry into the Midwest Region solar energy installation market as installers of solar photovoltaic energy systems (PV systems) for homes and small businesses. Many individuals are concerned with renewable energy. They believe it provides a reduction in utility consumption and cost. They also believe government subsidies, and environmental preservation makes the idea more attractiveRead MoreTexas : The Lone Star State Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesalways been very unique compared to any other state in the United States of America. Texas have a sense of great pride in where they come from. Texans hold their heads a just a little higher than anyone else. Texas is the second largest state in the U.S., Texans have their own pledge of allegiance to the state flag, and is the only state whose flag is permitted to fly as high as the American flag. So, why is it that Texans take so much pride in their own state? Texans take great pride in their state

Does a dividend policy matter free essay sample

That report is a detailed review of dividend policy and whether or not could affect the market value of the company. When companies make profits, managers have to decide either to reinvest those profits for the good of company or either they could pay out the owners (shareholders) of the firm in dividends. Once they decide to pay dividends they may possibly establish a permanent dividend policy, which is the set of guidelines a company uses in order to decide how much of its profits it will pay out to shareholders in dividends and that decision depends on the preferences of existing and new investors and the situation of the company now and in the future (Garrison, 1999). There are various limitations that may affect firm’s decision and must consider when paying dividends to shareholders such as Legal Limitations where added net realised profits is the only way to pay dividends, Liquidity where managers has to consider the effect that future dividend payments may have on liquidity, Interest Payment obligations where if the gearing (level of debt) is high then the available funds for dividends should be reduced and Investment Opportunities where a company could invest in attractive projects rather than to pay more dividends (Watson and Head, 2007). There are two theories related to dividend, the Irrelevance Theory suggested that dividend policy it is not relevant to security valuation and the Relevance Theory, suggested that it is relevant and affect the value (Bar-Yosef and Kolodny, 1976). Below will see those theories. IRRELEVANCE THEORY Modigliani Miller (1961) through the Irrelevance Theory stated that share value depends on corporate earnings, which reflect the investment policy of the company, depends only on investment decisions and it is independent of the level of dividend paid. First of all that theory assume that capital markets are perfect, there are no transactions costs associated with converting shares into cash by selling them and firms can issue shares without incurring flotation or transactions costs to raise equity, whenever needed (Damodaran [Internet source]). Another assumption that Modigliani Miller made is that there are no taxes at either a corporate or personal level associated with dividend and informations are freely available to all investors. Continuing with the assumptions Modigliani Miller stated that In a perfect capital market there are no conflicts of interests between managers and security holders, which is known as the Agency Problem. Shareholders, actually, own a company but managers are the ones who make the business run and decide. The agency problem arise because manager’s interests are different from shareholder’s interests and that is for the reason that managers may prefer to invest in unprofitable projects for their own benefit and that may incur some costs in order to manage the manager’s behaviour (Ming and Ming, 2013). Modigliani and Miller argues that rational investors, in other words those who prefer their wealth maximization, do not care whether they receive dividends on their shares or investing retained earnings in new opportunities, they have identical borrowing and lending rates and were apathetic to the timing of dividends. Furthermore shareholders can simply sell some of their shares for cash, if dividend are too small. According to Modigliani and Miller a company’s choice of dividend policy is a choice of financing strategy and the investment decision is separate from the dividend decision (Watson And Heat, 2007). They also argued that investors calculate the value of companies based on their future earnings capitalized value and is not affected by the dividends that a company pay and neither how dividend policies are set from company. RELEVANCE THEORY On the other hand we have the Relevance Theory of Lintner (1956) and Gordon (1959), who argued that dividends are preferred to capital gains due to their certainty, which means that an investor prefer to receive a certain dividend payment now rather than leaving the equivalent amount in an uncertain investment. If a company pays low dividends may face a fall in share price and that is because investors exchange their shares with shares of a different company with higher dividend policy. Under that theory we have Asymmetry of Information, which means that dividend decisions may contain new information for shareholders and that is because managers have more informations about the health of the company than investors. Asymmetry of information arises when capital markets are not perfect and depend on the direction of the dividend change and the difference between the actual dividend and the expected dividend by the market. Lintner Gordon argues that shareholders are not homogeneous, they have different needs and preferences and the majority of them need a fixed income preferring dividends to capital gains which depends on their personal tax circumstances. A company’s share price is affected downward form the disappointment of its shareholders if there is a significant change in its dividend policy. Lintner and Gordon use a mathematical model, knows as the Dividend Growth Model, to predict the value of ordinary shares through an increasing stream of cash flows. Dividend growth model is the equation:Po=(Do(1+g))/(r-g)=D1/(r-g), where: Po is the current market price of the share, D1 is the dividend at time t1, g the expected future growth rate of dividend, r the required rate of shareholders and Do the current dividend. The model shows the relationship between the payout ratio, the rate of return, market price of the share and the cost of capital (Answers, 2013). Both theories are established and argued by famous economists and we cannot challenge them, but under a real market conditions we cannot use the Irrelevance theory and that is because some of the assumptions made by Miller and Modigliani are not realistic. Transaction costs are not zero hence there is a price for investors who try to sell their shares and neither informations are freely available to all investors. Taxes does exists in the real world and issuing securities does incur costs. Moreover the assumption that investors have free informations available for them is unrealistic such as they have to spend time and money in order to have those informations (Watson and Head, 2007). For the reason that Irrelevance Theory’s assumptions are realistic under a perfect market only, the Relevance Theory is more useful in real world since a firm’s valuation is affected from the distribution of cash to investors (Ming J Ming X, 2013). POLICIES Using the more realistic theory there are some policies that should be used based on two factors: the company’s operation industry and second the nature of the company and its characteristics. As will see below those policies have advantages and disadvantages. Those Policies are: The Fixed percentage payout ratio policy, The Zero dividend policy and The Constant or steadily increasing dividend Fixed Percentage Pay-out Ratio is the policy where the ‘company pays out a fixed percentage of annual profits as dividends’ (Watson and Heat, 2007). In that case, firms can create reserves for the years that earnings are fewer than usual or when they have losses. Is better for companies with stable earnings over years (SlideShare, 2012). The main advantage is that a company who choose that policy can easily control and send clear signals to its shareholders, related to the level of company’s performance. The disadvantage is from the company’s point again and is that it limits the available funds for reinvestment (Watson and Heat, 2007). In Zero Dividend Policy ‘a company could decide to pay no dividend at all’ (Watson and Heat, 2007). That policy is more acceptable for new companies or for firms which need those profits for research new possibilities in the company. However is unacceptable to the most shareholders and that is because the majority of investors are rely on dividend payments as an income and that is the disadvantage of that policy. On the other hand the advantages are that is by not paying dividends, the administration costs will be eliminated making the operation easier and most important all the profits of the company could be reinvested making the company more attractive for new investors (Watson and Heat, 2007). In Constant or Steadily Increasing Dividend Policy, a company may choose to pay dividend in a constant or steadily increasing ratio. In that case investors prefer a yearly steady growth of dividends and avoid to invest in companies with fluctuating dividend (Lee, 2009). That policy counter to the zero dividend policy is more acceptable from the majority of investors and the reason is that they expect that payments will continued for ever. That except of the advantage may cause one disadvantage, the problem that shareholders expect dividends that company may be unable to afford. Another disadvantage is the fact that companies who adopt that policy do not have the ability to invest in projects that may be profitable (Watson and Heat, 2007) CONCLUSION Concluding this report we can say in sure that companies is likely to prefer the theory of Lintner and Gordon, the Relevance Theory, which argues that dividend policy does matter in real world and in the structure of the real market. Then, according to the policies stated above, should be able to choose which dividend policy is better for them. We hope that the contents of this report are useful and will help you to find the best for the company. We are waiting for your chief’s accountant comments and we are ready to help out you on any further matters which may arise on these or any other finance issues.

The Sole System to Use for Reservation Blues Essay Topics Uncovered

The Sole System to Use for Reservation Blues Essay Topics Uncovered In light of the above it's significant that it might be worth mentioning that the present world has become the most dangerous place as it's full of hatred, jealousy, slothful, vindictiveness and competition of ill money which never support the characteristics of a healthful society. Be clear in your thoughts about the point you would like to make. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you need to convey to the rest of the planet. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that can help you get through the essay with a minimal quantity of stress. Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. So here is a fantastic solution for this issue. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a superior cause a nd effect essay topic. Adhering to the illustration will allow you to understand what things to write and the way to arrange your words to create decent problem solutions topics. The Benefits of Reservation Blues Essay Topics Regardless of what it is you are doing, don't present new ideas within the end section. Modern-day culture focuses on the notion of humanism and the value of the person. You should choose a topic that could be accomplished in a two-year time period framework. Pick a Solvable and convenient Study Problem It is important to choose an issue that is narrow enough that you're able to address it or solve it in a sensible time period period. The Reservation Blues Essay Topics Game In school, essay writing has been made to be part of our learning activity. The Study Problem must meet up with the deadline picking a topic that's compelling enough to sustain more study is important. The college essay is among the most significant facets of your college applicat ion. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are really interested in how you'll deal with the subsequent four years by yourself. Up in Arms About Reservation Blues Essay Topics? There are many different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. At the exact same time, it's an excellent persuasive essay idea. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is you are likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you demand. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the true picture of the instance. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Perhaps, writing argumentative essays isn't that a simple job. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is very important for your general success. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. Otherwise, you must look at a number of the easy compare and contrast essay topics on the many scientific innovations. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. The True Meaning of Reservation Blues Essay Topics Within 30 days, you'll have implemented a strong advertising strategy. Our professional experts supply all academic assistance and deliver high-quality assignments owing to your instructions within a few hours. Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and tackle the recent issues happening in the World today. A Real Estate company unlike any other centered on the mission of constructing a network of career-minded pros who strive to cultivate their small business and their future.

App Essay

App EssayApplying for college admission essays is a very common practice among many students. Many apply for some kind of essay based on their experience or preferences. The first thing you need to know when writing an App Essay is that the topic should not be your talent or hobby. If you only knew how many students are applying for essays about their favorite sport!Before you even begin writing your application essay, you need to research the topic. Researching your App Topic is absolutely vital because it will help you avoid common mistakes that a lot of students make when writing their application essays. I am referring to common mistakes such as having a dull topic, or a topic that has no story to tell. Most students try to avoid writing 'unvarnished', but then they still end up with a very boring topic that most people will disregard. In addition, you should avoid having a topic that is not related to your field or interest.After researching your topic, you should analyze the in formation you have found. Take all the facts you have gathered and make a 'logic' map out of them. The logic map is important because it helps you organize the different topics in order of importance. So, if you find yourself in the middle of the 'well-written application essay' problem, it will be much easier for you to look for a solution after completing your logic map.For general application essays, this can be easily done. The more info you give to the reader, the better. All you need to do is write a short paragraph that summarizes your interests, profession, or previous experiences that can help the reader understand more about you. Another common App Topic that students often find hard to deal with is their hobbies. It is difficult to be able to balance your love for a hobby with the type of writing you are doing.Another problem when dealing with hobbies is that they tend to become secondary to the main topic. Often, this results in a 'life's interesting' writing style. If y ou love to read books, you can start out your App topic by talking about your favorite author and then move on to discussing your favorite authors, magazines, etc.Another great way to brainstorm about your App topic is to listen to a recording of yourself speaking. Once you are comfortable with your voice, just type out your own thoughts in the notebook and listen to it later. You can always tweak it to make it fit your style and audience. Once you have finished editing your App topic, you can send it to a group of people who may help you make changes.Once you have found the right application to apply for, it is time to research the essay requirements. Most applications that do not require extensive training (AP Exam) require very basic preparation, but there are also some that require a bit more. Some of the requirements that you should be aware of include, but are not limited to:I hope this article has helped you find some possible College Admission Essay Topics that you can use. The App Topic is the core of your writing; therefore, you need to find one that suits your needs!

Essay Topics - Which Good Topics To Write To?

Essay Topics - Which Good Topics To Write To?You have the basics of what to write in a letter essay, but it is more effective if you know which good topics to write to. Although there are many subjects that you can write about, your goal is to write about the same things over again. What you can do is to concentrate on a few topics that will give you some variety.The first topic is the author. A name is essential to start any topic. The name can be of any value to your essay, such as the writer's age, school, or place of residence.The second topic is the topic of the essay. There are several topics that you can write about here. If you write about the idea of someone staying in a certain place for a long time, then your topic can be about the town where the person came from. Writing about the ideals of a business can be interesting, so you could write about a business that sells materials for rebuilding a house or for other jobs.The third topic is the topic of the subject. For exampl e, if you want to talk about the development of any subject, you can look for some development happening in the area. When writing about progress, you could talk about the development in society and the world around us.The fourth topic is the topic of the writer. Since the writer can come from different places, then it is important to define who the writer is. The place that the writer grew up could be different from the place where he grew up. In order to properly define the writer, you could start by describing the home environment that he grew up in.The fifth topic is the topic of the period. You can create a topic about each year and take the progress of the events into account. The changes of the year may vary from one part of the country to another.The sixth topic is the topic of the subject. Another way to write about the subject is to describe the language of the author. You can do this by going through the essays that are similar to the one you have, and when you find the w ord or phrase you think you know, you should use it to define the author.

Sample Essay For General Knowledge Test

Sample Essay For General Knowledge TestIf you are taking a college level course like AP or IB and you have made it through your high school equivalency, then you should try writing a sample essay for general knowledge test. If you can write an essay which is interesting and well written and analyze the principles of the topic, then it is likely that you would pass the exam.You will be able to hone your skills in writing if you get a few samples of essays written by different individuals who have passed the test. Study the theme and style of the essay and analyze how the writer presents the facts. The essay should present the student's understanding of the topic.If you are not too sure whether you can write an essay for the general knowledge test, then take help from your friends. Ask them what they think about the topic and write a sample essay to see how you handle the subject.Another good source of samples of essays written by college students or working professionals is to ask fro m the employers. You may even get a sample of essays written by your company which could show your potential as a student.To write an essay for the general knowledge test, you must be thorough in terms of researching about the topic. Try to read about the topic and select one that you think is very interesting. Make sure that you know the different theories involved and also compare them to each other.It is also advisable to study the topic in the context of the concept. Make use of the concept, but make sure that you relate it to the history and culture of the country and take into account the complexity of the concept.Research and find out the answers to questions. These questions will be written by the questions in the section. Use the information in the essay to support the concept. Do not get too lost in the process. Focus more on writing the right parts and research well so that you don't fail the essay.

The Giver free essay sample

Period LA The Giver In your opinion, is the community in The Giver a utopia or a dystopia? Like many countries such as North Korea or Cuba, the community appears to be a dystopia. The environment of the community may seem impractical, however, there are many places like this in the real world. The community in The Giver is very similar to the country of North Korea. For example, both of the governments in these regions are controlling and predominant. In these societies, the population praises their government because they don’t know any different. This form of government is like a dictatorship. The â€Å"Elders† in the community believe that preventing the public from knowing about the outside world will generate a higher quality society. Another example of their similarity is that there are loudspeakers everywhere in both Jonas’ world and North Korea. They all spout a nearly constant chatter about the affairs of society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Giver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In North Korea, though, the intent is pure propaganda; it’s nearly all lies. Pure and simple, in North Korea, the loudspeaker is an organ of the state utilized to further the brainwashing of the citizenry. In Jonas’ world, the Speaker (through the loudspeakers) alerts the citizens to matters that will either help them to become â€Å"better† members of society or direct them regarding what they must do to be safe. On the other hand, Cuba and the Community and similar in the way that in both places, many of the citizens rights have been taken away and they are not allowed to leave the land. The people of the community are informed that there is an â€Å"elsewhere†, but they know nothing about this place, except for the fact that this is where somebody would go if they happened to be â€Å"released. † Elsewhere in the Community is similar to other countries, such as the United States, in Cuba; They know this place exists but will be harshly punished for trying to travel to it. As you can see, the Community in â€Å"The Giver† isn’t that far-off from some of the societies in our world. The authority in these civilizations take away the rights that every human being should have, and they are outrageously controlling.